foulnesse in Middle English

IPA: /ˈfuːlnɛs(ə)/ Forms: foulnes [alternative], ffoulenez [alternative, Late-Middle-English], fowlenes [alternative, Late-Middle-English] [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: Inherited from Old English fūlnes; by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -nesse (“-ness”). Etymology templates: {{yesno||i|I}} I, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|enm|ang|fūlnes|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old English fūlnes, {{inh+|enm|ang|fūlnes}} Inherited from Old English fūlnes, {{surf|enm|foul|-nesse|id1=foul|nocap=1|t1=foul|t2=-ness}} by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -nesse (“-ness”) Head templates: {{head|enm|noun|g=|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} foulnesse, {{enm-noun|-}} foulnesse (uncountable), {{tlb|enm|uncommon}} (uncommon)

Alternative forms

[Show JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▼] [Hide JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▲]

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "foulness"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "foulnes"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "fūlnes",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English fūlnes",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "fūlnes"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English fūlnes",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "foul",
        "3": "-nesse",
        "id1": "foul",
        "nocap": "1",
        "t1": "foul",
        "t2": "-ness"
      },
      "expansion": "by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -nesse (“-ness”)",
      "name": "surf"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fūlnes; by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -nesse (“-ness”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "foulnes",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ffoulenez",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Late-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fowlenes",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Late-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "foulnesse",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "foulnesse (uncountable)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "uncommon"
      },
      "expansion": "(uncommon)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "46 3 51",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "73 6 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -nesse",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "82 3 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "83 3 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "97 2 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Appearance",
          "orig": "enm:Appearance",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "57 12 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Ethics",
          "orig": "enm:Ethics",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Unattractiveness, ugliness; unpleasant appearance."
      ],
      "id": "en-foulnesse-enm-noun-0o~AX4KD",
      "links": [
        [
          "Unattractiveness",
          "unattractiveness"
        ],
        [
          "ugliness",
          "ugliness"
        ],
        [
          "unpleasant",
          "unpleasant"
        ],
        [
          "appearance",
          "appearance"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncommon",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Impurity, adulteration (in metal)"
      ],
      "id": "en-foulnesse-enm-noun-azlO7qS5",
      "links": [
        [
          "Impurity",
          "impurity"
        ],
        [
          "adulteration",
          "adulteration"
        ],
        [
          "metal",
          "metal#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncommon",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "46 3 51",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 0 79",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Language",
          "orig": "enm:Language",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Corruption, obscenity (in language or morals)"
      ],
      "id": "en-foulnesse-enm-noun-o3Kh8e5t",
      "links": [
        [
          "Corruption",
          "corruption"
        ],
        [
          "obscenity",
          "obscenity"
        ],
        [
          "language",
          "language#English"
        ],
        [
          "moral",
          "moral#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncommon",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfuːlnɛs(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "foulnesse"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms suffixed with -nesse",
    "Middle English uncommon terms",
    "Middle English uncountable nouns",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Appearance",
    "enm:Ethics",
    "enm:Language"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "foulness"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "foulnes"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "fūlnes",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English fūlnes",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "fūlnes"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English fūlnes",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "foul",
        "3": "-nesse",
        "id1": "foul",
        "nocap": "1",
        "t1": "foul",
        "t2": "-ness"
      },
      "expansion": "by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -nesse (“-ness”)",
      "name": "surf"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fūlnes; by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -nesse (“-ness”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "foulnes",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ffoulenez",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Late-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fowlenes",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Late-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "foulnesse",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "foulnesse (uncountable)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "uncommon"
      },
      "expansion": "(uncommon)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Unattractiveness, ugliness; unpleasant appearance."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Unattractiveness",
          "unattractiveness"
        ],
        [
          "ugliness",
          "ugliness"
        ],
        [
          "unpleasant",
          "unpleasant"
        ],
        [
          "appearance",
          "appearance"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncommon",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Impurity, adulteration (in metal)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Impurity",
          "impurity"
        ],
        [
          "adulteration",
          "adulteration"
        ],
        [
          "metal",
          "metal#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncommon",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Corruption, obscenity (in language or morals)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Corruption",
          "corruption"
        ],
        [
          "obscenity",
          "obscenity"
        ],
        [
          "language",
          "language#English"
        ],
        [
          "moral",
          "moral#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncommon",
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfuːlnɛs(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "foulnesse"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"foulnesse" meaning in Middle English

Noun

Alternative forms